蔗蟾蜍不是澳大利亞的原生物種,牠們是於1935年從南美洲引進,當時澳大利亞農夫為了要解決惱人的甲蟲吃甜甘蔗問題,於是100隻蔗蟾蜍們就被"核發"合法的"工作簽證"而被引進澳大利亞這塊天堂,而後發現牠們實在是太適應這裡的環境了,於是就"移民定居"下來並"繁衍大量的後代",直至今日,據粗略估算,牠們的數量至少會是澳大利亞人的十倍之多。
我在穿越北領地和西澳邊界時,就不時可以看到下圖的牌子,足見這個動物的威脅有多驚人,西澳政府可以說是處心積慮的想要把牠們隔絕在西澳邊界外:
圖片的中譯是:請您多注意您的車輛任何一個角落,不要讓蔗蟾蜍潛入車上,讓西澳不要陷入蔗蟾蜍繁殖的禍害。
蔗蟾蜍的繁殖對澳大利亞的天然環境和食物鏈造成極大的破壞,有些物種因為吃了牠或牠們的卵、幼蟲而被毒死,比方說鱷魚、goanna(狀似大蜥蜴的一種動物)、螃蟹(吃卵)、蛇、一些鳥類。。。,在澳大利亞的天然環境裡,蔗蟾蜍鮮有天敵,加上牠們有著好吃和好色、愛遊蕩的天性,牠們從一開始的昆士蘭州,短短的幾十年,侵入到幾千公里外的金伯利地帶,讓西澳政府大為緊張。
我在澳洲看當地報紙的時,在金伯利、北昆士蘭地帶,有時候都可以看到蔗蟾蜍的新聞,最讓人印象深刻的就是鱷魚吃了牠而被毒死,或是家裡的大狗不小心吃了牠們而中毒送醫。
牠們是屬於夜行性的動物,白天鮮少看見牠們出來活動,日落後就是大量出現的時間,我在Townsville做送匹薩的時候,工作時間是日落後,常常可以看到牠們被輾成肉餅的痕跡,或是突然就出現在我車前急跳開,常常是看到幾隻或十幾隻出現在某戶人家的院子裡(開Party?),十分猖獗。
自從蔗蟾蜍被引進澳大利亞後,牠們成功地減少了一些物種的數量,有的甚至面臨滅絕危機,蛇、肉食袋鼠、鱷魚尤其明顯,而且牠們的大量繁殖也污染了一些水源,造成蒼蠅數量的增加,牠們的引進對人類並沒有明顯威脅,但環境的破壞是長遠且無法恢復的。下圖就是蔗蟾蜍的繁殖擴散圖:
從此圖可以看出,除了原本就淪陷的昆士蘭州,北領地的溫暖地帶也全盤失陷,但是估計牠們無法繼續南進到雪梨地帶,因為這種動物只能生存在溫暖的環境裡,所以昆士蘭與北領地失陷情況相當嚴重,我在北領地也曾見識到牠們的大量存在,而金伯利也是溫暖炎熱的地帶,也是適合牠們的環境,所以在東金伯利的Kununurra這區是防擴散前線,當地居民與官員都不斷地在宣導、招募義工抓牠們、教導如何辨識牠們、招募職業獵人獵捕牠們,就是怕牠們在西澳擴散開來。
成年的蟾蜍可長大到體大如小型的犬隻,這種動物小隻難抓大隻較好抓
肉疣般的皮膚、眼睛後方的毒腺是辨識牠們的基本原則
57 則留言:
WE CAN EAT THEM !
SURE OF COURSE
还有乌鸦和獴,也是蟾蜍天敌。乌鸦把蟾蜍翻过来吃,獴会扒皮吃,怎么不引进獴呢?
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